Of the symbiotic relationships, mutualism, where both species benefit from the relationship, is the most exciting form. How two disparate species can form a cooperative where both benefit seems like ...

Out in the British countryside, the examples of mutualism are as multifarious as they are marvellous. Take, for starters, a hypothetical good old meadow with ant hills strewn like grassy scatter ...

Pseudomyrmex spinicola ants feeding on nectar produced from extrafloral nectaries, located at the base of the leaves of swollen-thorn acacias (Vachellia collinsii). In this obligate mutualistic ...

Mutualistic interactions are mutually beneficial species interactions. Plant-pollinator mutualisms are particularly important, and involve nearly 170,000 plant and 200,000 animal species. Aa Aa Aa ...

The Norse god Odin was known as the raven god. On his shoulders sat Huggin (Thought) and Muggin (Wisdom). Each day his ravens would fly down to the world of mortals to serve as Odin’s eyes and ears.